记忆的味道 | 碉楼威武屹立间,历经沧桑仍矗然

发布时间:2024-03-26 10:10:22

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2020年起,为促进中华优秀传统文化的国内传播与国际化译述,上海外国语大学英语学院打造大型实践活动“记忆的味道”,追寻五湖四海的记忆,讲述文化背后的故事。上外英院传统文化志愿服务队于每年寒暑假分赴祖国七大方言区,聚焦非遗及传统文化进行实践与探索。活动围绕家乡年俗、红色文化、手工游艺、音乐舞蹈、二十四节气、非遗文化、非遗美食等中华优秀传统文化进行实践,取得丰硕成果,曾获得“挑战杯”“互联网+”“致远计划”社会实践大赛等国家级、市级、校级奖项。本季“记忆的味道”聚焦传统建筑,将推出双语视频、双语推送讲述建筑艺术中的非遗文化,感悟非遗传承背后的动人故事,推动中华优秀传统文化的国内外传播。

官话方言区

官话方言是分布范围最广的汉语一级方言。(Guanhua, or Mandarin, is the most widely distributed first-level dialect among all Chinese dialects.)按照其语言特点,可以分为八种次方言:西南官话、东北官话、胶辽官话、北京官话、冀鲁官话、中原官话、江淮官话、兰银官话。其中,西南官话,又称上江官话,是官话方言中以之为母语人口最多的方言,主要分布于四川、重庆、贵州、云南、湖北、广西、湖南七省。

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官话方言区分布图

(摘自《中国语言地图集》第2版)


本期“记忆的味道”将带领大家走进四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州,体味皑皑雪山下屹立不倒的羌族碉楼中的艺术文化。

“碉楼盘聚两川间,敢与六军争劲敌。”(The watchtowers stand tall between two mountains, daring to compete with the powerful enemies.)清代秦懋效的《崇庆牧常公殉节诗》记载了古代羌族碉楼的磅礴气势和军事地位。以军事防御作用为主,兼顾居住功能的羌族碉楼,在当下成为了展现西南地区少数民族文化不可多得的绚丽瑰宝。(Serving as military defense as well as living spaces, the Qiang watchtowers is an embodiment of the cherished and splendid treasure of the culture of minority groups in Southwest China.)

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走进群山之巅

认识“云朵上的民族”

羌族源于中国西部的古老民族——古羌。羌族人大多聚居于高山或半山的高海拔地区,因此有着“云朵上的民族”的称号。(The Qiang people mainly settle in high-altitude, mountainous areas, and are therefore known as “people living above the clouds”.)早在一千多年前就有史记载,羌族人“依山居住,垒石为屋,高者至十余丈”(《后汉书·西夷列传》),在西南静谧的群山之中结庐生息。羌族的传统建筑大多依山而建,在向阳背风的高山或河谷地带筑屋造房,其建筑大致分为碉房和碉楼,其中碉楼宏伟高大,以石筑造,坚固实用,棱角分明,多矗立在隘口、关卡处,用于御敌,世世代代守护着村寨人民的平安生活。(The magnificent stone watchtowers are sturdy and have sharp corners. They usually stand at passes and barriers, warding off enemies and guarding the peaceful life of local residents from one generation to another.)

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观东方金字塔

领略非遗精湛技艺

羌族碉楼又称“邛笼”,其历史悠久,堪称羌族建筑艺术的“活化石”,被羌族人民视为村寨的“保护神”。2011年,羌族碉楼营造技艺被列入四川省国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录。(The Qiang watchtower, also known as “Qionglong”, is deemed as the “living fossil” of the Qiang architectural art for its long history and enshrined by the Qiang people as the “Protective God”. In 2011, the Qiang watchtower building techniques were included in the representative list of state-level intangible cultural heritage.)

碉楼的功能和作用随历史发展而变化。古代碉楼具有防御、传递信息等军事作用,后来随着现代化进程的加快,碉楼的居住功能转变为日常性的储存功能。每当有重要的祭祀或节庆活动,都会选择在羌碉下进行,这是独属于羌族人民的仪式感。如今,“景观化”的碉楼也成为了人们心驰神往的民族文化圣地。(The Qiang people will carry out every important ritual and festival celebration under the Qiang watchtowers, fostering a sense of ceremony exclusive to them. Today, the Qiang watchtowers stand as an attractive tourist attraction and a cultural haven for ethnic heritage.)

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碉楼的建筑材料有石、泥、木、麻等,主要工具为铁锤和铲板。碉楼的外貌大多没有任何装饰,在整个建造过程中不绘图、不吊线、不用柱架支撑,每一面都笔直如削。(Major construction materials of the Qiang watchtowers include stones, mud, wood, and hemp. Common construction tools are hammers and shovel plates. The exterior of the architecture is mostly free of decorations. No design drawings, plummets, or supporting frames were used during the construction, but the workers managed to erect each wall perfectly vertical.)羌族碉楼营造技艺集民族意识、自然环境、科技进步等于一体,充分体现出能工巧匠的聪明才智和高超技艺。

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守护多重价值

探索传承最佳途径

羌族碉楼是羌族文化的写照和历史的见证,其独特的魅力赋予世界文化以丰富的内涵,有着较高的欣赏价值和保留价值。

受“5.12”大地震的影响,羌碉文化的传承与保护也面临着威胁和挑战,在灾后重建的进程中,如何继承并发扬羌族碉楼文化也备受关注。

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地震后修复的布瓦尼碉


不少羌寨在保护的基础上走可持续发展的道路,对羌碉丰富的旅游价值进行良性开发。(Many Qiang villages are sustainably developing the tourist potential of their watchtowers, with heritage protection as the foundation of every step they take.)以羌碉为中心的民俗旅游项目,在一定程度上能满足现代旅游者追寻异域文化的求索心理,使人们在感受浓厚民族气息的同时,提高自身文化认同,这是传承和保护的基本条件。(Preservation and inheritance of cultural heritage is essential for enhancing one’s cultural identification.)

山间的云朵上,羌族碉楼仍在矗立,精神家园已然重建,文化记忆铭刻在心。缅怀过去,致敬重生,奔赴未来,走向世界!


参考文献

[1]陈然,向东,李雪梅.羌族碉楼文化的传承及其在旅游开发中的运用——以四川羌区碉楼为例[J].阿坝师范高等专科学校学报,2009,26(01):11-14+31.

[2]马宁,钱永平.羌族碉楼的建造及其文化解析[J].西华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006,(03):20-23.

[3]【非遗】羌族碉楼营造技艺:“东方金字塔”

https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/XnKTEBBmw15N77_ojsvO3g

[4]非遗——羌族碉楼营造技艺

https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/F4kLbATwLo_UhqEl0FJT1g

[5]国家级羌族文化生态保护区 | 王国跃:延续羌族碉楼建筑文化之美 https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/CjGFJSlX4Bi3329pSDEsjg

[6]线上非遗馆 | 屹立不倒的羌碉,岁月凝聚的故事!

https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/jtjm2clWmvycJrbdSsMh6w

译文参考文献

[1] China Daily: Lantern Festival: The ‘real’ Chinese Valentine’s Day.

https://enapp.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201902/19/AP5c6ba7f9a310d331ec929f69.html?jump_from=1_05_37_01

[2] China Daily: Behind the screen: A brief history of Chinese “pingfeng”.

https://language.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202310/26/WS653a317ca31090682a5eaf02.html

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