中国新型政党制度

（2021年6月）

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

China’s Political Party System:

Cooperation and Consultation

The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China

June 2021

First Edition  2021

前言

Preamble

政党制度是现代民主政治的重要实现形式，是国家政治制度的重要组成部分。一个国家实行什么样的政党制度，是由这个国家的历史传统和现实国情决定的。世界政党制度具有多样性，没有也不可能有普遍适用于各国的政党制度。

A country’s political party system is a major component of its political framework and makes a critical contribution to democracy. The system best suited to a country is determined by its history, traditions, and realities. There are many types of political party system around the world, and there is not a single system that is good for all countries.

中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度是中国的一项基本政治制度。这一制度既植根中国土壤、彰显中国智慧，又积极借鉴和吸收人类政治文明优秀成果，是中国新型政党制度。《中华人民共和国宪法》规定：“中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度将长期存在和发展。”

The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) is a basic element of China’s political framework. A new model grown out of the soil of China, it also learns from other countries and absorbs the fruits of their political achievements. The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China stipulates, “The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China will continue and develop long into the future.”

中国新型政党制度中包括中国共产党和八个民主党派，以及无党派人士。八个民主党派是中国国民党革命委员会（简称民革）、中国民主同盟（简称民盟）、中国民主建国会（简称民建）、中国民主促进会（简称民进）、中国农工民主党（简称农工党）、中国致公党（简称致公党）、九三学社、台湾民主自治同盟（简称台盟）。中国共产党同各民主党派长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共，形成了“共产党领导、多党派合作，共产党执政、多党派参政”的政治格局。

In this system, in addition to the CPC, there are eight other political parties: the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang, the China Democratic League, the China National Democratic Construction Association, the China Association for Promoting Democracy, the Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party, the China Zhi Gong Party, the Jiusan Society, and the Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League. The system also includes prominent individuals without affiliation to any of the political parties (hereinafter referred to as “non-affiliates”).

Following the principles of long-term coexistence, mutual oversight, sincerity, and sharing the rough times and the smooth, the CPC and the other political parties have created a multiparty cooperation system in which the CPC exercises state power and the other parties participate fully in the administration of state affairs under the leadership of the CPC.

中国新型政党制度创造了一种新的政党政治模式，在中国的政治和社会生活中显示出独特优势和强大生命力，在推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化中发挥了不可替代的作用，也为人类政治文明发展作出了重大贡献。

This is a unique political model. It has displayed unquestionable strength and vitality in China’s political and social life. It is essential to the task of modernizing China’s governance system and capacity. It continues to make an invaluable contribution to the political progress of humanity.

一、中国新型政党制度中各政党的基本情况

I. China’s Political Parties

政党是国家政治生活中的重要力量。世界政党数量繁多、类型多样，具有不同的历史渊源、阶级基础、价值追求和政治主张，在国家中的地位作用也各不相同。在中国，中国共产党和各民主党派都是在探索救国救民道路中产生和发展起来的，实现民族独立、人民解放和国家富强、人民幸福是中国新型政党制度中各政党的共同目标。

Political parties are an important force in state politics. Globally, there are numerous political parties of many types, differing in background, class basis, values, and political stance. They also play different roles in state affairs.

In China, the CPC and eight other political parties were founded for national salvation. Their shared goals were the realization of national independence, the people’s liberation and wellbeing, and the prosperity of the country.

中国是世界上历史最悠久的国家之一，中华民族创造了光辉灿烂的文明。1840年鸦片战争后，由于西方资本主义列强的野蛮入侵和封建统治的腐朽衰败，中国逐渐成为半殖民地半封建社会。为了救亡图存，无数仁人志士进行了不懈探索，从太平天国运动到洋务运动，从戊戌变法到义和团运动，各种尝试都失败了。

China is one of the oldest civilizations in the world. Following the Opium War in 1840, China was reduced into a semi-colonial, semi-feudal state under the occupying Western capitalist powers and the failing feudal autocracy. People of insight tried tirelessly to find a way to salvage the nation – the Taiping Rebellion, the Self-Strengthening Movement, the Hundred Days’ Reform, and the Boxer Movement – but all failed in the end.

1911年，孙中山先生领导的辛亥革命，推翻了统治中国两千多年的君主专制制度，推动了中国社会的变革，但没有改变旧中国的社会性质，没有改变中国人民的悲惨境遇，没有完成实现民族独立、人民解放的历史任务。

The Revolution of 1911 led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen ended the feudal autocracy that had ruled China for more than 2,000 years, bringing tremendous change to society. But it failed to do away with the backward social system and failed to lift people out of misery. The historic mission of national independence and the people’s liberation remained unfulfilled.

在中华民族内忧外患、社会危机空前深重的背景下，1921年中国共产党应运而生。自诞生之日起，中国共产党就把为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴作为初心和使命，将马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合，团结一切可以团结的力量，组成广泛的统一战线，推动党和人民事业沿着正确方向胜利前进，取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就。

The CPC was founded in 1921, at a time when China was facing grave dangers at home and abroad, trapped in a morass of social crises. Always retaining in the forefront of mind its founding mission – to seek happiness for the people and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation – the CPC has succeeded in applying Marxist tenets to the Chinese context, rallying all the forces that can be combined to form an extensive united front. It has achieved many great feats that have drawn worldwide attention and ensured that the CPC and the people hold to the right path on the way forward.

在百年奋斗历程中，中国共产党团结带领中国人民完成新民主主义革命，建立了中华人民共和国，彻底结束了旧中国半殖民地半封建社会的历史，实现了民族独立和人民解放；完成社会主义革命，确立社会主义基本制度，推进社会主义建设，实现了中华民族有史以来最为广泛而深刻的社会变革；进行改革开放新的伟大革命，开辟了中国特色社会主义道路，使人民生活显著改善，综合国力显著增强，国际地位显著提高；推动中国特色社会主义进入新时代，统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局、协调推进“四个全面”战略布局，党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革，中华民族迎来了从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃，迎来了实现中华民族伟大复兴的光明前景。

Over the course of a century, the CPC has, leading the Chinese people, made unprecedented achievements. These include:

By completing the New Democratic Revolution (1919-1949) and founding the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, it put an end to the semi-colonial, semi-feudal society of old China and realized national independence and the people’s liberation.

By completing the socialist revolution and establishing socialism in China, it brought the most extensive and profound social change to the Chinese nation.

By introducing the policy of reform and opening up, it has pioneered socialism with Chinese characteristics so that the people can enjoy a better life, and the nation can become stronger and have its status notably raised in the international community.

By implementing the Five-sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy, it has ushered in a new era of Chinese socialism.

With these historic achievements and transformation in the cause of the CPC and the nation, China has stood up, become better off, and grown in strength. It can now look forward to the bright prospect of national rejuvenation.

中国共产党的领导地位是在中国革命、建设、改革的实践中形成并不断巩固的，是历史的选择、人民的选择。截至2019年底，中国共产党党员总数为9191.4万名。

The CPC’s role in leading the country was confirmed and consolidated in the course of China’s revolution, economic development, and reform. It is the choice of history and of the people. By the end of 2019, CPC membership had reached 91.9 million.

各民主党派是在中国人民反帝爱国、争取民主和反对独裁专制的斗争中产生和发展起来的，其社会基础是民族资产阶级、城市小资产阶级以及同这些阶级相联系的知识分子和其他爱国人士。在中国共产党领导下，各民主党派积极投身建立新中国、建设新中国、探索改革路、实现中国梦的伟大实践，共同致力于民族独立、人民解放和国家富强、人民幸福的宏图伟业。

The non-CPC political parties were created and developed in the Chinese people’s fight to destroy imperialism and autocracy and pursue democracy. Their membership came from the national bourgeoisie, urban petty bourgeoisie, and intellectuals and other associated patriots. Under CPC leadership, these parties have participated in founding the PRC, reconstructing the country, advancing reform, and realizing the Chinese Dream. Together, they have committed themselves to the great cause of seeking national independence, the people’s liberation and wellbeing, and the prosperity of the country.

民革是由原中国国民党民主派和其他爱国民主人士创建的政党。在反对蒋介石集团专制独裁统治的斗争中，国民党内部的爱国民主人士继承发扬孙中山先生爱国、革命、不断进步的精神，逐步发展和联合，于1948年1月在香港成立中国国民党革命委员会，提出“实现革命的三民主义，建设独立、民主、幸福之新中国为最高理想”，并制定了推翻国民党独裁政权、建立民主联合政府的行动纲领。

The Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang was created by former members of the democratic group of the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party of China, or KMT) and other patriots. Standing against the autocratic rule under Chiang Kai-shek, the patriots inside the party carried forward Sun Yat-sen’s legacy of devotion to the nation, to revolution and to progress, and together founded the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang in Hong Kong in January 1948. Dedicated to the ultimate ideal of realizing the Three Principles of the People proposed by Sun Yat-sen and building an independent and democratic new China where everyone lives a happy life, the committee defined its program of action – to end KMT autocracy and form a democratic coalition government.

目前，民革主要由同原中国国民党有关系的人士、同民革有历史联系和社会联系的人士、同台湾各界有联系的人士以及社会和法制、“三农”研究领域专业人士组成，现有党员15.1万余名。

Currently, the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang consists mainly of people who have links with the KMT, have historical and social connections with the committee, or have relationships with Taiwan compatriots, along with specialists in social and legal affairs, and in business relating to agriculture, rural areas, and rural people. The party has a membership of more than 151,000.

民盟是由一批社会知名人士和追求民主进步的知识分子建立的政党。为争取抗战、团结、民主并保障自身生存权利，一些党派和团体决定联合起来，于1941年3月在重庆秘密成立中国民主政团同盟，提出“贯彻抗日主张”“实践民主精神”“加强国内团结”。1944年9月，中国民主政团同盟改组为中国民主同盟，主张“反对独裁，要求民主；反对内战，要求和平”。

The China Democratic League was founded by a group of well-known public figures and intellectuals seeking democracy and progress. To support the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (War Against Japanese Aggression, 1931-1945), promote unity and democracy, and ensure their own rights to survive, a number of political parties and organizations joined hands to secretly establish the China Democratic Political League in Chongqing in March 1941. It adopted a platform to fight Japanese aggression, practice democracy, and promote unity across the country. Reorganized as the China Democratic League in September 1944, it opposed autocracy and the civil war, and called for democracy and peace.

目前，民盟主要由文化教育以及相关的科学技术领域高、中级知识分子组成，现有盟员33万余名。

Now, the China Democratic League is mainly composed of senior intellectuals specializing in culture, education, and relevant fields of science and technology. It has a membership of more than 330,000.

民建是由爱国的民族工商业者及有联系的知识分子发起建立的政党。抗日战争时期，一部分爱国的民族工商业者和所联系的知识分子开始由“实业救国”投身政治活动，积极参加抗日民主运动，要求实行政治民主和经济民主，于1945年12月在重庆成立民主建国会，主张“建国之最高理想，为民有、民治、民享”，提出“有民主的经济建设计划，与在计划指导下的充分企业自由”。

The China National Democratic Construction Association was initiated by an assembly of patriotic businesspeople and associated intellectuals. During the War Against Japanese Aggression, a group of patriotic businesspeople and intellectuals aspired to save the nation by developing industry, supporting movements against Japanese aggression, and advocating political and economic democracy. In December 1945, they founded the China National Democratic Construction Association in Chongqing, proposing that an ideal nation is owned by the people, governed by the people, and enjoyed by the people. They advocated democratic economic planning and corporate autonomy under the guidance of such planning.

目前，民建主要由经济界人士以及相关的专家学者组成，现有会员21万余名。

Today, the China National Democratic Construction Association is home to businesspeople, economic specialists and academics. It has a membership of more than 210,000.

民进是由文化教育出版界知识分子及一部分工商界爱国人士发起建立的政党。抗日战争全面爆发后，一批文化教育界进步知识分子和工商界爱国人士坚持留在上海沦陷区进行抗日救亡斗争。抗战胜利后，他们利用掌握的报纸刊物，揭露控诉国民党反动政策，于1945年12月在上海成立中国民主促进会，以“发扬民主精神，推进中国民主政治之实践”为宗旨，提出结束一党专政、停止内战、还政于民等政治主张。

The China Association for Promoting Democracy was founded by intellectuals in the fields of culture, education, and publishing, along with patriots from industry and business. In the course of the War Against Japanese Aggression, a number of intellectuals and businesspeople stayed in Shanghai to resist Japanese occupation. After the war they exposed the KMT’s reactionary rule through the newspapers and publications they ran, and founded the China Association for Promoting Democracy in Shanghai in December 1945. With a mission to carry forward democracy and facilitate democratic politics in China, the association called for an end to KMT autocracy and the civil war, and for the return of state power to the people.

目前，民进主要由教育文化出版传媒以及相关的科学技术领域高、中级知识分子组成，现有会员18.2万余名。

Now, the China Association for Promoting Democracy mainly recruits intellectuals in education, culture, publishing, and relevant fields of science and technology. It has a membership of more than 182,000.

农工党是由坚持孙中山先生“联俄、联共、扶助农工”三大政策的国民党左派为主建立的政党。大革命失败后，为反抗蒋介石集团的迫害，国民党左派于1930年8月在上海成立中国国民党临时行动委员会，提出建立农工平民政权等政治主张。1935年11月改名为中华民族解放行动委员会。1947年2月改名为中国农工民主党，提出“全国同胞及民主党派共同推进团结，实现和平统一，建立独立富强之中国”的政治主张。

The Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party was founded by left-wing KMT members supporting Sun Yat-sen’s principles of allying with the Soviet Union, allying with the CPC, and helping the peasants and workers. After the failure of the First National Revolution in 1927, left-wing KMT members formed a provisional action committee in Shanghai in August 1930, proposing to set up a government of peasants, workers and common people. The name was changed to the Chinese Action Committee for Nation Liberation in November 1935, and then into the Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party in February 1947. It called on all Chinese compatriots and political parties to unite for peace and national unification, and to work for an independent and prosperous China.

目前，农工党主要由医药卫生、人口资源和生态环境以及相关的科学技术、教育领域高、中级知识分子组成，现有党员18.4万余名。

Currently, the Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party mainly consists of intellectuals in medicine, health care, human resources, the eco-environment, and relevant fields of education, science and technology. It has a membership of more than 184,000.

致公党是由华侨社团发起建立的政党。近代中国社会危机空前严重，许多中国人前往东南亚、美洲等地谋生，形成了众多华侨群体和社团组织。1925年10月，华侨社团美洲洪门致公总堂在美国旧金山发起成立中国致公党，提出为争取国家独立、民族解放和维护华侨正当权益而奋斗的政治主张。1947年5月，致公党在香港召开第三次代表大会，改组为新民主主义的政党。

The China Zhi Gong Party was founded by overseas Chinese communities. As China fell into chaos following the Opium War in 1840, many Chinese left the country for Southeast Asia and the Americas, and formed many local communities and organizations. In October 1925 the Hung Society Zhi Gong Hall, an overseas Chinese society, founded the China Zhi Gong Party in San Francisco, taking as its mission to fight for national independence and liberation of the people, and to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of overseas Chinese. In May 1947, the party was reorganized into a new democratic party at its third congress in Hong Kong.

目前，致公党主要由归侨、侨眷中的中上层人士和其他有海外关系的代表性人士组成，现有党员6.3万余名。

The China Zhi Gong Party is mainly composed of the middle and higher ranks of returned overseas Chinese and their relatives, and representatives of people with overseas connections. It has a membership of more than 63,000.

九三学社是由部分文教、科学技术界知识分子建立的政党。1944年底，一批文教、科学技术界学者为争取抗战胜利和政治民主，继承和发扬五四运动的反帝爱国与民主科学精神，在重庆组织了民主科学座谈会。1945年9月3日，为纪念抗日战争和世界反法西斯战争的伟大胜利，民主科学座谈会更名为九三座谈会，1946年5月4日在此基础上建立九三学社，提出“愿本‘五四’的精神，为民主与科学之实现而努力”的政治主张。

The Jiusan Society was founded by intellectuals in culture, education, science and technology. At the end of 1944, a group of academics in these fields organized a forum on democracy and science in Chongqing, with the purpose of supporting the War Against Japanese Aggression, boosting democracy, and carrying forward the spirit of the May 4th Movement, underpinned by patriotism, democracy and science. On September 3, 1945, to celebrate victory in the War Against Japanese Aggression and World War II, the organization was renamed the Jiusan Forum, which became the basis for the Jiusan Society, founded on May 4, 1946. Its platform was to carry forward the spirit of the May 4th Movement and promote democracy and science.

目前，九三学社主要由科学技术以及相关的高等教育、医药卫生领域高、中级知识分子组成，现有社员19.5万余名。

The Jiusan Society recruits intellectuals in science and technology, and relevant fields of higher education, medicine, and health care. It has a membership of more than 195,000.

台盟是由从事爱国主义运动的台湾省人士为主建立的政党。抗战胜利后，台湾回到祖国怀抱。但国民党当局在台湾的专制统治和贪污腐败引起台湾人民强烈不满，1947年台湾全省爆发“二二八”起义。起义失败后，起义领导人由台湾撤至香港，于同年11月成立台湾民主自治同盟，主张建立独立、和平、民主、富强和康乐的新中国，反对把台湾从中国分裂出去。

The Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League was founded by patriotic Chinese compatriots in Taiwan Province. Taiwan returned to the motherland after the War Against Japanese Aggression, but the corrupt, autocratic rule of the KMT authorities infuriated local people, resulting in the February 28 Uprising in 1947. The uprising was brutally suppressed and its leading members withdrew to Hong Kong, where they founded the Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League in November that year, calling for an independent new China characterized by peace, democracy, prosperity, and people’s wellbeing, and opposing any secessionist attempt to break Taiwan away from China.

目前，台盟主要由居住在祖国大陆的台湾省人士以及从事台湾问题研究的高、中级知识分子组成，现有盟员3300余名。

The Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League is mainly composed of Taiwan compatriots residing in the mainland and intellectuals in Taiwan studies. It has a membership of more than 3,300.

此外，还有一批具有较大社会影响的知名民主人士，他们虽然没有参加任何党派，但同样为民族独立、人民解放和国家富强、人民幸福作出了积极贡献。目前，把没有参加任何政党、有参政议政愿望和能力、对社会有积极贡献和一定影响的人士称为无党派人士，其主体是知识分子。

There are also well-known, influential public figures who are not affiliated to any political party but have contributed to national independence, the people’s liberation and wellbeing, and the prosperity of the country. They are mainly non-affiliated influential intellectuals who have the desire and ability to discuss and participate in the administration of state affairs, and who have contributed to society.

在长期的革命、建设、改革实践中，在为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴的伟大历史进程中，中国共产党历经重重考验，成为中国工人阶级的先锋队、中国人民和中华民族的先锋队，成为中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心。各民主党派逐步发展成为各自所联系的一部分社会主义劳动者、社会主义事业建设者和拥护社会主义爱国者的政治联盟，成为中国特色社会主义参政党。无党派人士成为中国政治生活中的重要力量。

In the long course of revolution, economic development and reform, and in the historic process of seeking happiness for the people and the rejuvenation of the nation, the CPC has withstood countless tests and become the vanguard of the Chinese workers, the Chinese people, and the Chinese nation. It represents the leadership of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The other political parties have evolved into a close political alliance of the socialist workers and patriots whom they represent, and become parties participating in the administration of state affairs. Non-affiliates are also an important force in Chinese politics.